Substituting Cottonseed Hulls or Beet Pulp for the Roughage in Your Senior Horse’s Diet
Progress in veterinary medicine and advances in equine feed have led to an increase in the lifespan of the average horse. Nowadays, it’s not unusual to see a horse living to thirty. However, as horses grow older, they require extra care to remain healthy. A senior horse’s bodily functions become less efficient and he may have trouble chewing and digesting feed that used to be well tolerated.
Roughage is incredibly important in a senior horse feed. Mature horses should have a total dry matter consumption of at least 50% forages- pasture and/or hay. Horses are nonruminant herbivores, and therefore the higher the forage intake in the diet, the better. Many believe that horses have a certain “chew time” and if it’s not met, behavioral problems can result. One of the first signs of chew time not being met is the horse engaging in destructive chewing on wood, mane, and tails. The effectiveness of the digestive tract may also be compromised if the desired saliva production is curtailed through insufficient chew time. Saliva works as a buffer to prevent acidity from becoming too high in the gut, as well as assisting in the digestion of feed. If the gut’s acid becomes too high it will change the bacteria type in the colon and cecum and can hinder the digestibility of roughage.
The equine diet can be altered so that roughage and horse grain amounts are equal. For the previously mentioned reasons, caution should always be taken to ensure that your horse receives a minimum of 0.75 to 1% of his body weight in forages each day.
It is possible to stretch hay supplies in a couple of ways. One is to weigh the hay before each feeding to make sure that the above calculations are being met. Another way is to make sure that your horse feed contains at least 14% crude fiber; the higher the better. If you take care to feed your horse high fiber feeds, you may be able to reduce hay intake to .5% of the horse’s total body weight. Of course, you should always maintain caution when feeding at this level to ascertain that the horse’s behavior is unchanged and that his digestive system remains normal. Many feed companies make it convenient for horse owners by mixing and bagging chopped forages for ease of use.
Instead of using hay as your horse’s primary means of roughage, you may wish to consider sources of feed that incorporate beet pulp or cottonseed hulls.
Beet pulp is an amazing food that can make up to 45% of a horse’s total diet. Generally, it is used to substitute for up to half of the hay being fed and has a digestible energy content and crude fiber amount similar to alfalfa hay for equine nutrition. A 1200 pound horse that does light work can be maintained on 10 pounds of a high quality hay made of Bermuda grass and 10 pounds of a grain-sweet feed that contains 5-8% fiber and 10-12% crude protein. If beet pulp is used in only 25% of the horse’s diet, he could be fed the same amount of grain mix with the 10 pounds of Bermuda grass being divided into 5 pounds of grass and 5 pounds of beet pulp for horses.
Cottonseed hulls can make up 20% of the total diet by weight when fed with a grain mix. Cottonseed hulls’ fiber content is more than twice as high as that in Bermuda grass hay. It requires a little more measuring than beet pulp needs, but the effort will pay off in increased equine health.
Other roughage sources that can reduce the hay to feed equation include soy hulls and alfalfa pellets and cubes. Alfalfa hay and other alfalfa-based products are higher in protein, calcium, and digestible energy than grass hays are; soy hulls have a nutrient content that’s similar to grass hays. Some researchers suggest that hulls can replace up to 50% of the forage in a horse’s diet, but most recommendations are to only replace 25% of the forage level, as the hulls can affect the chew factor and can cause difficulty in sorting out the soy hulls.
There’s a wide variety of options for feeding your mature horse. The key is to make sure that roughage equals 50% of the total feed intake while ensuring that alternative roughages do not exceed 20-25% of the total diet. Finally, one should make any changes to the equine diet gradually; it’s recommended that you implement any changes over a 7-10 day period while casting a watchful eye toward behavior changes. If you have any questions, consult your veterinarian. With the explosion of aging horses nowadays, he or she is sure to be an expert on foraging options for your friend.
